The Mayan culture developing for nearly 2000 years from pure agricultural communities up to the splendid and wonderful cathedral cities is collapsing in a short period of time. The cities are bearing no signs of violent devastation but they are rather suddenly left. All the construction activities are stopped at once and some of the buildings stay unfinished.

The best clear up of things that had really happen are giving us the chronicles written by Latin alphabet in the Mayan language by the Mayas who, accepted the christening from Spanian conquerors and were brought up in the first cloister schools. We learn from them following:

To the northern Mayan region, the Yucatan, came between the years 948 and 968 battle divisions of the Itzs – armed troops of warriors from the central Mexico. From the Mayan sources written later in Yucatan is not clear who these Itzs really were. They are often spoken about as foreigners with another language. In fact it has obviously been one group of Mexicans themselves, probably the Toltecs, who built several cities in the central Mexico. The centre of their power lay in Tollan with about 55 thousand inhabitants. The Mexican conquerors invaded also the southern Mayan territory – Guatemala highland, where they occupied many Mayan cities. The latter Mayan chronicles dating back from the 16^th century written in that region are mentioning directly the Toltecs from Tollan.

The invasion of Mexicans to the Mayan areas was so horrifying that for more than next 500 years the memories of things connected were told. Numerically much stronger Mayas fighting only with stone axes and pikes with flint points had not the slightest chance against the Mexican aliens. They were, that is to say, using an effective weapon: the bow – which Mayas didn’t know. The troops of Mexican bowmen, literally said, destroyed the whole Mayan armies. And for more, the Mayan cities didn’t have any city walls and fortifications. In fact they haven’t been cities in our way of understanding, in our conception. They were only vast and beautiful religious centres with the temples, pyramids and steles. Some buildings labelled as palaces were obviously not inhabited all the time too. They have been only holy centres of teaching the hieroglyphs, calendars, astronomy and cult. The inhabitants and the ruling theocratic section were settled in a wide suburban area of more likely village character.

Culturally lower standing Mexicans forced their domination and culture on Mayas⁽⁶⁾. In the course of about 200 years, were these foreigners gradually absorbed by Mayan environment. Even certain renaissance of Mayan-Mexican culture occurs. To that time obviously originates the Dresden Codex, which according to the dates, gathers also from much older sources. It is interesting, that the Mayan chronicles originated in Yucatan and the Guatemala highlands, don’t know anything at all about the Mayan history, before the Mexican invasion in 948 – 968. The latter reigning Mayan houses, taking on the power step by step again, are deducing their origin from the Mexicans, directly from the Toltec warriors from the middlemexican Tollan⁽⁷⁾.

Around 987, the Mexican Itzs captured an important Mayan city: Chichen Itza. It wasn’t destroyed, but it became the centre of next aggressions, from where the Itzs conquered the northern Yucatan, in years 987 – 1007.The construction monuments of Chichen Itza are built by two culturally wholly different groups. The older buildings are typically Mayan, with the inscriptions and calendar dates. The are followed up by younger buildings in a typically Mexican style, which are imitating the architecture of the distant middlemexican Tollan. On the new constructions, there are neither inscriptions, nor the calendar dates. The walls are decorated by the reliefs and frescos, featuring the winning battles of the Itzs. These scenes are engraved on the Golden Rings found in this city as well⁽⁸⁾. Also in the Dresden Codex, on the page D39 (according to Knorozov), we can find two Mayan captives depictured between two Mexican warriors.

In the times when Itzs were fastening their power in Chichen Itza and the northern Yucatan, the next wave of Mexican aggressors turned up here. They were called Tutul Xiu. They captured an ancient Mayan city Uxmal, which was not being built anymore. No such constructions are to be found here, which would bear a single Mexican art - or architecture signs, like the buildings in Chichen Itza. According to the chronicles, Tutul Xiu captured Uxmal between the years 987 – 1007⁽⁹⁾.

The historical dates of capturing Chichen Itza and Uxmal are extremely important for the appreciation of correctness of MD/JD Correlation for the transfer of the Mayan dates to our system of dating. By Mexicans invading both the cities comes after some time the finish of making of Mayan hieroglyphic texts with calendar data and dates.

Lets repeat at some facts:

In Chichen Itza, there is a serie of hieroglyphic texts and inscriptions with dates, between which are predominantly short intervals of maximum several years. The last dates according to the Bohm MD/JD Correlation fall on the 20^th July 995. That means the period when the Itzs are fully controlling the city and widening their power to the northern Yucatan. In the same time the building of the city in the Mexican style begins.

987 – 1007 Tutul Xiu are settling down in Uxmal.

There is a serie of dates in short intervals found in this city. The last of them is according to the Bohms Correlation the 27^th July 1011. Also this date is falling to the finish of final capturing the city by the Mexicans. We can’t exclude that during the last researches could be found some inscriptions with dates a bit later, than mentioned here. But this fact can’t essentially influence our conclusions.

By using the Correlation according to the Goodman-Martinez-Thompson calculation coefficient, it means 584284 days, we are becoming following theoretical values of the last dates found:

Chichen Itza – the 29^th July 891

– the last inscriptions would be finished 97 years before the proved arrival of the Itzs.

Uxmal – the 5^th September 907

– the last inscriptions with dates would theoretically finish about 80 – 100 years before the arrival of the Tutul Xiu.

There would, of course, be no major reason for so early and sudden bringing of the creation of dated inscriptions to an end.

The Bohm MD/JD Correlation ( 622261 ) of calculation of the Mayan dates to our system of dating is much more corresponding with historical facts. After capturing Chichen Itza and Uxmal by the Mexican occupants, there is coming to a coexistence of Mayan – Mexican cultures after some time. It is documented by the disappearance of the Mayan texts with dates, as late as the final strengthening of the Mexican superiority has come. In this time, the Dresden Codex also rises, even when some of its dates are concerning deep history, as well as the far future, considering the time it originates ⁽¹⁰⁾.

When using the Goodman – Martinez – Thompson Correlation, the last dates in Chichen Itza are ending 80 to 100 years before the arrival of Mexicans, what is quite unlogic. We have already drawn attention of Instituto National de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico on this.

The Mayan chronicles from the 16^th century are in details describing the Mexican invasion to the northern Mayan region, it means the Yucatan ( Chichen Itza and Uxmal ) and to the southern region covering the Guatemala highland. But none of them is mentioning the so called middle regions, where are the most monumental Mayan temple cities like Palenque, Copan and Tikal situated. The life in those most important cultural – economic centers is stopping at once and all the construction works are stopped too. No more inscriptions with texts and dates are made here. The destroyment of the advanced Mayan culture may have been an easy task for the attackers. The theocratic section of clerical was the only bearer of higher culture, mastering the hieroglyphic writing, mathematics, astronomy, calendar and the technology of buildings construction. It was sufficient just to destroy this numerically weak privileged section to finish the complete and irreversible destruction. The end of these towns is to be determined on the base of the last dates occurrence:

The result of the upper mentioned passage is that when using the Bohm Correlation the last occurred dates are close to the last dates when the Yucatan was invaded by the Mexicans, who wanted to conquer it. They necessarily had to go through the city of Palenque during their advance, what could be the reason of the city’s early fall. It’s also, compared with the Yucatan peninsula, several hundreds kilometers closer to the middle Mexico. The Mayan chronicles from the 16^th century, which are describing the Mexican attack on the city of Chichen Itza, are mentioning also the show up of the allies in the region of Bakhalal ⁽¹¹⁾ between 928 and 948. It’s still not clear, where it was really situated. It’s possible, it was right in the neighborhood of Palenque.

While the regions of Yucatan and Guatemala highland, were since the 10^th century in the Mayan – Mexican coexistence economically and culturally still developing until these days, the situation in so called middle region was completely different. This area covers a part of the Mexican state Chiapas and Guatemalan Peten. On account of the end of such centers as Palenque, Copan and Tikal, it came to the depopulation of the whole area, which is so far completely deserted and bearded with hundred square kilometers of tropical forest ⁽¹²⁾.

(1)
The most important of them are the books called Chilam Balam written since the 2^nd half the

6^th century in Yucatan.Their contents are: history, prophecy, mythology, rituals and calendar. The historical texts are covering the time approximately between the years 928 to 1638.

KNOROZOV, JU. V.: Pisemnost indejcev maja. Moskva – Leningrad 1963

ROYS, R. L.: The book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Carnigie Institution of Washington. Pub. 438 Washington 1933.

The high art and historical value literal monuments arose on the Guatemala highland after the Spanian conquista: Popol Vuh and the Cakchiquel annales.

Popol Vuh describes the history of one Mayan tribe called Quiches during the period of the Toltecs influence infiltration to the Guatemala highland.

The Cakchiquel annales wrote down Francisco Hernandez Arana Xahila between 1560 and 1582 and after 1600 Francisco Diaz Gebuta Queh. They contain the annales since 1540 with various data and a chronicle of a state city of Cakchiquels; its’ first part is mythological, the second historic-chronological, describing the wandering of different tribes from the Toltec Tollan, between whom were also the Cakchiquels, to the Guatemala highland and the arrival and the beginning of the Spanian ruling.

BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CH.E.:Popol Vuh. Paris 1861.

BRINTON, D.G.: The Annales of the Cakchiquels. Philadelphia 1885.

GIRARD, R.: Le Popol Vuh. Historie culturelle des Maya – Quiches. Paris 1954.

RECINOS, A.: Popol Vuh. Las antiguas historias del Quiche. Mexico – Buenos Aires 1964.

Also from the pen of educated Spanish authors of the 16^th and 17^th century descends a lot of valuable informations about the Mayas. Between them we can point out especially the monk Diego de Landa, whose work A Piece of news about the things in Yucatan ( Relacion de las cosas de Yucata, 1566 ) is one of the basic works for the studies about the Mayas.

LANDA, D. de: Soobscenije o delach v Jukatane. A translation from Spanish original. Introduction by Ju. V. Knorozov. Moskva – Leningrad 1955.

(2)
COE, M. D.: The Maya. Suffolk 1972.

KNOROZOV, Ju. V.: repeat quote (r.q.)

MORLEY, S. G.: The Ancient Maya. Stanford 1956.

THOMPSON, J. E. S.: The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization. University of Oklahoma Press, 1966.

(3)
COE, M. D.: r.q.

DIEHL, R. A.: Tula. The Toltec Capital of Ancient Mexico. London 1983.

VAILLAND, G. C.: Aztecs of Mexico. New York 1962.

(4)
COE, M. D.: r.q.

KNOROZOV, Ju. V.: r.q.

THOMPSON, J. E. S.: r.q.

(5)
BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CH. E.: r.q.

BRINTON, D. G.: r.q.

GIRARD, R.: r.q.

RECINOS, A.: r.q.

(6)
See the literature in notes 2, 4, 5.

(7)
See the literature in note 4.

(8)
COE, M. D.: r.q.

KNOROZOV, Ju. V.: r.q.

SANTOS, J. G.: Los Mayas y las incognitas del imperio antiguo. Madrid 1981.

(9)
KNOROZOV, Ju. V.: r.q.

THOMPSON, J. E. S.: r.q.

(10)
COE, M. D.: r.q.

KNOROZOV, Ju. V.: r.q.

SANTOS, J. G.: r.q.

THOMPSON, J. E. S.: r.q.

(11)
KNOROZOV, Ju. V.: r.q.

(12)
Using the Bohm Calculation of Correlation between the Mayan and Christian system of dating:

BOHM, B., BOHM, V.: Kdy zacal Maysky kalendar ? ( When did the Mayan calendar begin ? ). Vesmir. The natural science magazine of the Czech and Slovak science academy. Year 70 ( 1991) no.2, p.98-105.

BOHM, B., BOHM, V.: Calculation of the Correlation of the Mayan and Christian system of Dating. Actes du XII^e Cogres International des Sciences Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques. Bratislava, 1-7 Septembre 1991, p.123-127.

BOHM, B., BOHM, V.: Results of Mayan Astronomy in the Dresden Codex and Correlation of the Mayan System of Dating with the Christian one. Abstracts 1. The Sections of the XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. Forli ( Italia ), 18-24 September 1996, p.544-545.